Charging Compared

Evidence map

Roaming: what the evidence base looks like

10 publications, 0 of them trials and 0 syntheses. This page describes the shape of that literature rather than summarising its conclusions.

Updated 3 min read 10 citations

Two plug-in cars charging from a shared post beside an Amsterdam canal
One post commonly serves two bays, which is why charging etiquette matters. AxelBoldt · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons
What the evidence on roaming is made of Of 10 publications on this topic, the breakdown by study type: 10 other. 10other (10)
10 publications, by study type. Volume is not strength — the same count can be a settled question or a pile of commentary, and which one it is depends almost entirely on this breakdown. Harvested from PubMed and Crossref; publication type as recorded by the source.

What this literature is made of

A reasonable volume of literature, but weighted towards reviews and observational work rather than trials. That is enough to describe a phenomenon and rarely enough to establish that an intervention works.

The distinction that matters most is between synthesis and primary research. A meta-analysis pools trials and is the closest thing to a settled answer a field produces. A narrative review is one group's reading of the same material and can be selective without being dishonest. Counting them together, which most citation counts do, obscures exactly the thing you want to know.

When the roaming literature was published Publication years for the 10 papers on this topic, grouped into bands from before 2015 through to 2023 onwards. 2023 onwards4 papers2020-20224 papers2015-20191 papersBefore 20151 papers
Still active. The most recent paper here is from 2026, so this is a field where an answer written today may not hold for long. Publication years as recorded by PubMed and Crossref.

How this page is built

Everything above is computed from the citations this site harvested from PubMed and Crossref, not written by hand. When the weekly harvest finds a new paper on this topic, these counts change and the characterisation changes with them. That is the point: a hand-written claim about how strong an evidence base is starts decaying the day it is written.

Publication type is taken as the source records it. That is imperfect — journals label inconsistently, and a paper indexed as a "review" may be a systematic one — so treat the bands as approximate. They are accurate enough to distinguish a trial literature from a commentary literature, which is the distinction that matters.

Concrete multi-storey car park seen from street level
Robert Wade · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The strongest work on this topic

Ordered by study design first, then recency. The full set is listed in the references below.

  1. <p>Plugging into Confidence: How Platform Interoperability Reshapes Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior and Charging Network Efficiency</p> — Song P, Lakhiwal A, Park J et al., 2026, journal article
  2. Electric Vehicle Charging Station with UPI Payment Service — Dange V, 2025, journal article
  3. Interoperability of the Electric Vehicle Charging Ecosystem — Vedula R, 2024, journal article
  4. OCPP Interoperability: A Unified Future of Charging — Kirchner S, 2024, journal article
  5. Standardisation of UK Electric Vehicle Charging Protocol, Payment and Charge Point Connection — Chamberlain K, Al-Majeed S, 2021, journal article
  6. Roaming Service for Electric Vehicle Charging Using Blockchain-Based Digital Identity — Ferreira J, Ferreira da Silva C, Martins J, 2021, journal article
  7. Electrical Interoperability Evaluating of Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Based on Impedance Space — Shi B, Yang F, Wei B et al., 2021, journal article
  8. Vehicle-to-Grid in Standard and Fast Electric Vehicle Charging: Comparison of Renewable Energy Source Utilization and Charging Costs — Falkoni A, Pfeifer A, Krajačić G, 2020, journal article
  9. Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure — Ferwerda R, Bayings M, Van der Kam M et al., 2018, journal article
  10. Global Service Provider for Electric Vehicle Roaming — Ratej J, Mehle B, Kocbek M, 2013, journal article
How much research is there on roaming?
10 publications are indexed here, of which 0 are trials and 0 are syntheses.
Does more research mean a stronger conclusion?
No. Composition matters more than volume — five randomised trials support a claim far better than fifty commentaries, and citation counts do not distinguish between them.
How current is this?
The most recent paper indexed here is from 2026. The set is refreshed weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
Why does this page not tell me the answer?
Because summarising a literature into a conclusion requires reading it, and doing that automatically is how confident nonsense gets published. This page tells you how much weight a conclusion could bear; the articles on this site do the interpreting.

References

Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.

  1. <p>Plugging into Confidence: How Platform Interoperability Reshapes Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior and Charging Network Efficiency</p> Song P, Lakhiwal A, Park J, et al. · SSRN Electronic Journal · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  2. Electric Vehicle Charging Station with UPI Payment Service Dange V · International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management · 2025 · Journal article DOI
  3. OCPP Interoperability: A Unified Future of Charging Kirchner S · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2024 · Journal article DOI
  4. Interoperability of the Electric Vehicle Charging Ecosystem Vedula R · Premier Journal of Science · 2024 · Journal article DOI
  5. Roaming Service for Electric Vehicle Charging Using Blockchain-Based Digital Identity Ferreira J, Ferreira da Silva C, Martins J · Energies · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  6. Standardisation of UK Electric Vehicle Charging Protocol, Payment and Charge Point Connection Chamberlain K, Al-Majeed S · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  7. Electrical Interoperability Evaluating of Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Based on Impedance Space Shi B, Yang F, Wei B, et al. · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  8. Vehicle-to-Grid in Standard and Fast Electric Vehicle Charging: Comparison of Renewable Energy Source Utilization and Charging Costs Falkoni A, Pfeifer A, Krajačić G · Energies · 2020 · Journal article DOI
  9. Advancing E-Roaming in Europe: Towards a Single “Language” for the European Charging Infrastructure Ferwerda R, Bayings M, Van der Kam M, et al. · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2018 · Journal article DOI
  10. Global Service Provider for Electric Vehicle Roaming Ratej J, Mehle B, Kocbek M · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2013 · Journal article DOI