# Charging Compared

> European charging networks compared on price, reliability and whether your card will work.

Charging Compared is an independent look at the operators: what a kilowatt-hour actually costs on each network, how roaming and subscription pricing differ by country, and which networks are reliable enough to plan around.

## About this source

- **Publisher:** Stéphane Sprauer
- **Editorial stance:** Independent. We describe what the evidence shows, including when it is weak or contested.
- **Evidence base:** 57 peer-reviewed citations, each linked to its PubMed record or DOI.
- **Languages:** 42 European languages. Add a language prefix to any URL, e.g. `https://chargingcompared.com/de/`.
- **Licence:** Content may be quoted with attribution to Charging Compared (https://chargingcompared.com).
- **Not medical advice:** Educational content only.

## How to cite this site

> Charging Compared. "<page title>". https://chargingcompared.com<path>. Accessed <date>.

## Home

- [Charging Compared](https://chargingcompared.com/): What a kilowatt-hour actually costs on each network, how roaming works across borders, and which operators are reliable enough to plan around.

## Cost

- [What does public charging actually cost?](https://chargingcompared.com/what-it-costs/): How EV charging is priced across European networks — direct payment, subscriptions, roaming cards and the fees nobody mentions.

## Reliability

- [Which charging networks actually work?](https://chargingcompared.com/reliability/): Research on public charging user experience, availability and failure rates — the specification that matters most and is never advertised.

## Networks

- [The networks](https://chargingcompared.com/network/): 14 European charging operators compared on coverage, power and what to watch for.
- [IONITY: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/ionity/): IONITY covers Pan-European. Excellent for long-distance travel on core corridors, with high stall counts and consistently high power.
- [Fastned: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/fastned/): Fastned covers Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, UK, Switzerland. Strong reputation for reliability and clear pricing, with contactless payment widely acce
- [Tesla Supercharger: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/tesla-supercharger/): Tesla Supercharger covers Pan-European. Very high stall counts and the best-regarded reliability record in the industry.
- [Allego: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/allego/): Allego covers Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France and others. Broad coverage including many locations other networks do not reach.
- [EnBW mobility+: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/enbw/): EnBW mobility+ covers Germany, Austria and neighbours. Dense German coverage and a widely accepted roaming card that works across many other operators.
- [Shell Recharge: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/shell-recharge/): Shell Recharge covers Pan-European. Forecourt siting means facilities, staff and shelter are usually present — which matters at night.
- [TotalEnergies: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/totalenergies/): TotalEnergies covers France, Benelux, Germany. Good coverage on French long-distance routes with the usual forecourt facilities.
- [Atlante: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/atlante/): Atlante covers Italy, France, Spain, Portugal. One of the better options for Iberian and Italian travel, where coverage has historically been thinner.
- [Mer: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/mer/): Mer covers Norway, Sweden, UK, Germany and others. Solid Scandinavian coverage, where charging density is generally excellent.
- [BP Pulse: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/bp-pulse/): BP Pulse covers UK, Germany, Netherlands, Spain. Strong UK presence including large dedicated hubs.
- [Electra: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/electra/): Electra covers France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and others. Modern hardware throughout, with reservation features on some sites.
- [Powerdot: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/powerdot/): Powerdot covers Portugal, Spain, France, Poland, Belgium. Siting is genuinely useful — chargers where there is something to do while you wait.
- [GreenWay: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/greenway/): GreenWay covers Poland, Slovakia, Croatia. Often the only substantial network on a given central-European route.
- [Zunder: what it is like to use](https://chargingcompared.com/network/zunder/): Zunder covers Spain, Portugal, France, Italy. Useful density in Spain, where coverage has been a genuine constraint.
- [Why your charge card stops working at the border](https://chargingcompared.com/roaming-and-payment/): The plug is standardised across Europe. Payment is not. What roaming actually is, and how to stop it ruining a journey.
- [Does rapid charging wreck your battery?](https://chargingcompared.com/battery-health/): What large-fleet data shows about rapid charging, calendar ageing and state of charge — and what it does not show.

## About

- [About Charging Compared](https://chargingcompared.com/about/): Who publishes Charging Compared, how pages are researched, and how the site makes money.
- [Editorial policy](https://chargingcompared.com/editorial-policy/): How Charging Compared selects evidence, scores products and handles conflicts of interest.
- [Affiliate and partnership disclosure](https://chargingcompared.com/disclosure/): Every commercial relationship that could affect what you read on Charging Compared.
- [Privacy](https://chargingcompared.com/privacy/): What Charging Compared collects — which is close to nothing.

## Research

- [New research](https://chargingcompared.com/research/): Newly indexed peer-reviewed research relevant to Charging Compared, updated weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
- [Research digest, 14 September 2026](https://chargingcompared.com/research/2026-09-14/): 1 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to Charging Compared, from 14 September 2026.
- [Research digest, 7 September 2026](https://chargingcompared.com/research/2026-09-07/): 2 newly indexed peer-reviewed papers relevant to Charging Compared, from 7 September 2026.

## Evidence

- [The evidence base](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/): 57 peer-reviewed publications across 5 topics — how much evidence exists on each, and what kind.
- [Charger reliability: what the evidence base looks like](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/xr-charger-reliability/): 12 publications on charger reliability — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means.
- [Charging infra: what the evidence base looks like](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/xr-charging-infra/): 16 publications on charging infra — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means.
- [Charging price: what the evidence base looks like](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/xr-charging-price/): 12 publications on charging price — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means.
- [Fast charge degradation: what the evidence base looks like](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/xr-fast-charge-degradation/): 12 publications on fast charge degradation — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means.
- [Roaming: what the evidence base looks like](https://chargingcompared.com/evidence/xr-roaming/): 10 publications on roaming — how many trials, how much synthesis, how recent, and what that means.

## Articles

- [Are DC fast chargers noisy? What the research says](https://chargingcompared.com/charger-noise/): DC rapid chargers hum, whine and blow fans. What engineering research says about charger noise, why faster means louder, and how to sleep near one.
- [Does the time of day change EV charging prices?](https://chargingcompared.com/time-of-day-pricing/): Does charging at night or off-peak really cost less? What the tariff and dynamic-pricing research shows for public, workplace and home EV charging.

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